Slip Casting/ Ceramic Sculpture

WHAT IS SLIP CASTING? Slip casting is a process of creating ceramic forms by casting liquid clay (slip) into plaster molds. This process is most useful when you want to make multiples of a form. The molds enable you to create identical copies. —————– In the classroom, slip cast multiples can be used to†¦. -create multiples of a student’s ceramic artwork (for gift giving or a new sculpture of multiples) -create identical starting forms that students will manipulate to create their own unique artwork – try out different glaze techniques on – allow experimentation without the fear of â€Å"ruining† the artwork Materials All you need for slip casting: Plaster mold, Clay slip, kiln Necessary items if you want to make your molds: five gallon bucket, plasticene ( non hardening clay), Vaseline /liquid soap, hammer , chisel/screwdriver, —– Plaster and slip are available at most ceramic supply centers. I listed some local suppliers on the resources page in this packet. Plaster comes in a couple different types. Pottery plaster is the standard and readily available at ceramic supply stores. Casting plaster is only necessary if you want to make extremely detailed pieces. I go with the cheapest and it works fine for classwork. Just as  clay comes in many forms, so does slip. The texture and chemical content of the slip dictate what type of clay body it forms. Clay slip bodies range from fine delicate porcelain to coarse strong stoneware. Your firing temperature depends on the content of your slip. For normal classroom use I use low fire white casting slip. It is available in premixed 2gallon bags from most ceramic supply stores. It usually runs about 8 dollars a bag. Four gallons is enough for a class of twelve to make at least two ten inch hollow forms. HOW EXACTLY do you CAST SLIP? First, you need a mold made of plaster. It must be plaster because the plaster absorbs the water from the slip. Fill the mold with slip. As the mold absorbs the water, the level of the slip in the mold will go down requiring you to top off the mold. You want the slip to stay level with the horizontal surface of the mold. If you want a hollow form , you have to dump out the excess slip. Watch for an eighth of an inch skin of slip to form on the edges of the piece before you dump the slip. That skin is now the wall of your hollow piece. For small pieces, it only takes about five minutes before you are able to dump out the excess slip. If you leave a mold filled with slip too long, the ceramic piece will be thick and heavy. Which doesn’t really matter, but it wastes a lot of slip. If you don't leave it in long enough, it will tear as it comes out of the mold and be useless. You can pour solid. Usually this practice is used for plates, bowls, and other utility items. To pour solid, just keep filling the mold with slip until it stops sucking up slip. [pic] HOW DO YOU get the piece OUT OF the MOLD? After you have dumped the excess slip, the mold has to sit and dry. The mold pulls the water out of the clay and dries the piece out. To speed up the drying you can use a fan, blowing across the molds, or put your molds on top of a hot kiln. The larger the piece the longer it will take to dry. If you leave a piece in the mold too long, it will dry out too much and crack. If you don't leave it in long enough, it won't come out easily and will tear. You can tell if a piece is ready to come out of the mold if it has pulled away from the sides of the mold/pour hole. When the casting is dry enough to take out, gently pull your casting, now more like leatherhard clay, out of the mold. It should release easily, if the piece is dry enough. Try to pull the piece straight out of the mold to keep from warping its shape. When the piece comes out of the mold it will be a dark gray. Once out of the mold it will continue to dry and will turn light gray. After the piece has dried to a light gray almost white, it is ready to fire in the kiln. Adapted from: http://www. rykerstudios. com/ceramics/articles/slipcasting. htm RESOURCES Casting Slip Available in Atlanta from: — Daven’s Ceramic Center http://davensceramiccenter. com/ 5076 Peachtree Road, Atlanta, GA   30341 Fax:   770-455-7012 4805. Atlanta Area   770-451-2105 [email  protected] om Casting Supplies ONLINE — Axner Ceramic Supply http://www. axner. com/axner/supplies/slip-casting. php — mold making and casting materials http://www. smooth-on. com/ How to Resources: Trouble shooting guide- http://aardvarkclay. com/pdf/technical/Basics%20of%20slip%20casting. pdf Short History of slip casting- http://www. lindawilsonceramics. co. za/3. ht ml Deflocculation of slip-(make your own)– http://ceramic-materials. com/cermat/education/213. html Videos- YouTube Video- http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=8u_SABU_8d0 Advanced mold making video demos- http://www. smooth-on. com/media. php

Mrs. Rose †The ninth grade task master!

The teacher I most remember as a great teacher in my years of schooling would definitely be Mrs. Rose, my 9th grade English teacher.   Mrs. Rose combined the qualities of motivation, skill and content mastery in a way that I still remember today.   As a freshman in high school, I had not been exposed to any terribly difficult courses.   Most of the junior high work I did was simply answering questions or writing reports which did not have to well-cite or even grammatically correct.   I learned quickly that, because I was relatively smart to begin with, I could get away with a minimum of effort and studying. Mrs. Rose changed all that.   On the first day she mentioned the usual information – grading, pop quizzes, class materials and behavior expectations.   I had heard all this before, so I half-listened, planting polite expression on my face while my mind wandered.   Imagine my shock when we had a pop quiz of the first day’s information the very next day!   I did very poorly, to which I was not accustomed.   Worse yet, now my teacher’s first impression of me was that of a slacker.   I had to wake up and work extra hard to pull up that first low quiz grade.   Looking back, I am sure that was precisely her intention for all of us. As the year progressed, we were all subjected to coursework the likes of which simply did not exist in junior high.   We had to learn grammar, diagram sentences, write essay upon essay and read countless novels and plays without the luxury of Cliff’s Notes.   This era was pre-internet study aids!   We tried to complain that we had no foundation for this to which Mrs. Rose replied, â€Å"If that is true, it is neither your fault nor mine.   Unfortunately, we must correct it.† She could blend just the right amount of feeling for my battle with the semi-colon with the rigor of the curriculum itself.   She let my misuse go a couple of times, but on the third incident, I got an ‘F’ for punctuation in my essay.   I was floored and asked her to let me revise it (again).   She said â€Å"no.†Ã‚   From that point on, I have never, to my knowledge, misused a semicolon; however, I find such examples frequently in magazines and newspapers now.   Again, that particular strategy worked wonders for me and all the others in my class.   Her encouragement wasn’t overdone, but I could tell she really wanted me to learn. At times, I would be seized by jealousy when my friends in other classes would laugh at how easy their English class was, how like 8th grade it was, and how they were getting easy ‘A’s.   I had to work hard for my grades and resented their extra free time.   Later, though, I understood the importance of my 9th grade English class and Mrs. Rose.   I did not struggle nearly as much as my peers in upper level high school classes and in college courses where professors were even more demanding.   I firmly believe that Mrs. Rose knew more about grammar and writing than any of them and was grateful that I had a chance to learn from her early on in my education rather than have to suffer later. Mrs. Rose, who I believe has now passed away, was an exemplary teacher.   Try as I might, I could never devise a sentence she could not diagram.   She seemed to take pride in my educational victories, such as my high SAT verbal score and my college acceptance.   As a result, I decided to become a teacher myself and attempt to emulate Mrs. Rose in all that I do in my classes.   I, from experience now, know that Mrs. Rose did not receive any monetary rewards for her commitment to teaching.   In fact, our rewards as teachers are much more internal.   However, I am confident that she knew her influence on me because I told her, as did many other students I knew.   When a student tells me how much I have helped them, I know how she felt then.   

Marks & Spencer SWOT and PEST Essay

Marks and Spencer is the British multinational retail company that specializes on producing clothing and high-quality food. Being the dominant force on the UK market Marks and Spencer owns 600 stores in the home country and over 225 stores worldwide. Bird (1986) claims Marks and Spencer to be the most powerful image of Great Britain; the company currently being the most profitable UK organization also is one of the most innovative in the world. Two main features of the Marks and Spencer are centralization and simplicity. The firm tends to use centralized organizational structure and tries to keep everything simple avoiding the complexity in any aspect of systematic applications (Howells, 1981). Strengths: Marks and Spencer has been known for its highest standards of fair-trading, which include acquiring strong contacts with current suppliers, producing and proposing high-quality food, being friendly to the staff and having a flexible exchange policy for existing customers (Grayson, 2011). Having a stable and positive reputation is inevitable for the big worldwide brands. The company being initially only focused on producing garments lately diversified its market to the other sectors, such as food, electronics and furniture (Hamil, Crosbie, 1990). Diversification guaranteed bigger amount of customers for the company and expanded its growth. The company tends to locate its stores in the high streets which leads to obtaining large amount of customers every day and therefore larger profit. (Bird, Witherwick, 1986). Furthermore, Marks and Spencer does not rent the premises, it owns stores eliminating the possible rental costs. Marks and Spencer is an international retailer which owns more than thousand shops approximately in forty countries, covering market of such a big size is beneficial for the company’s income (Salmon, Tordjman, 1989). According to Doyle (1982), Marks and Spencer is the Britain’s strongest and most successful brand that makes company well known around the world and differentiates it from competitors making it unique. Weaknesses: Marks and Spencer due to diversification and operating in more than one market (garments, food, furniture) is not concentrated on any particular segment, unlike its main competitors such as Tesco and Sainsbury’s which  retail only food (Lewis, Thomas, 1990). The lack of the focus and concentration may lead to the reduced innovations and scarcity of the expertise in one particular market area. When Marks and Spencer tried to expand their market adding the clothing line for younger people, it experienced loss and failure, as it wasn’t able to follow latest fashion trends to satisfy younger audience and kept a reputation of the retailing brand mainly for elder women (Fletcher, 2007). According to Alon (2000), Marks and Spencer experienced lack of inventory control which led to the underperforming other major British companies by 25% in 1998. The average price comparison made by Telegraph in 2008 has shown that the prices on the Marks and Spencer’s food exceed thos e in Asda by 3.6%. The company is considered high-priced and looses large amount of customers from middle and lower class, who prefer daily shopping in other big retail chains like Asda, Sainsbury’s and Tesco, where prices are much cheaper and more reasonable (Avery, 2011). Political factors: Each company which desires to maximize its profit should develop within the governmental policies. Marks and Spencer is not an exception, as the company believes that engagement with the government is beneficial for the organization’s income. According to Marks and Spencer’s official website, company tends to communicate with the political audiences either directly or through the trade memberships. After the â€Å"green† governmental policy in 2008, Marks and Spencer introduced the 5p charge for the plastic bags across its stores (Vaughan, 2011). Marks and Spencer is located in the UK, which has stable political background and tax policies (McGrattan, 2005). However, in 2005 the company experienced losses in the EU area and appealed to the court for the opportunity to deduct international losses from its UK tax bill (European Commission Legal Services, 2005). After European Court of Justice announced that Marks and Spencer and other UK companies have the right to counterpoise British tax bill, Marks and Spencer has won this case receiving 30 million tax relief (BBC, 2005). Economic factors: The majority of international companies are considering the USA a perfect area of franchising due to the big population and large size of the market. Marks and Spencer was among the first British retailers who considered  expanding its business to the North America (Alexander, 1995). However, the September 11 attacks have caused economic crisis and change in the purchasing behavior of American citizens which led to the extreme losses experienced by Marks and Spencer throughout the following year imposing the company to close the non-core branch in North America (BBC, 2002). Due to the financial crisis taking place in 2007-2008 (Barrel, 2008) and later severe crisis in Eurozone, the sales of Marks and Spencer has significantly decreased, as the salaries of the middle-class didn’t math the high-priced food and garments offered by the retailer (Rayner, 2008). Social factors: According to Marks and Spencer’s official website, company is focused on applying ethical trading, producing nontoxic food and employing responsible use of an energy, as the company believes that adapting CSR is vital for the development of business. Company is especially focused on the animal welfare, being the first UK retailer to sell only free-range eggs in its stores (Jones, 2005) and along with several other British retailers promotes food without additives (Jones, 2007). However, several years ago Marks and Spencer was accused in using the child labour in Morocco which might have damaged the company’s reputation (Frankental, 2001). According to Moore (1995) and Campbell (2010) Marks and Spencer over the past years has increased the amount of advertisement using different types of commercials. Nevertheless, the company was not been able to satisfy customers’ needs, while producing their clothing line for young people which led to the losses of profit (Jobbe r, 1999). Technological factors: According to Butler (2013), Marks and Spencer is the only big British food retailer that does not have an online shopping service, while other companies like Sainsbury’s and Morrison are making millions of pounds through the web. The company for the long time is using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology that helped to achieve more efficient supply chain system. After the success with Marks and Spencer other British supermarkets implemented this technology in order to reduce costs and improve customer service (Jones, 2005). In 2012 Marks and Spencer announced  the new marketing plan that included the wi-fi connection throughout its stores, planning that the customers would be able to see the full stock of products on their devises which would simplify searching for the preferable item (Raddick, 2012). Conclusion: Marks and Spencer is the powerful international retailer that can maximize its future profit taking into consideration further opportunities and threats of substitutes. Marks and Spencer should consider adding online shopping for its food products, as the other British food retailers like Tesco and Sainsbury’s already have this feature that gives a big percentage of companies’ income. Another way for developing company may be expanding to the Asian market which can guarantee huge profit due to the big size of population. One of the main threats caused by economic crisis both in USA and European Union is the loss of bargaining power of customers. People find it hard to afford the high prices offered by Marks and Spencer and therefore try to search for a cheaper alternative. Retailer in future should adapt to the social changes when producing their clothing line for younger people in order to satisfy this audience.

Staffing a Growing Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Staffing a Growing Business - Research Paper Example The paper predicts the major legal issues that the Human Resource Manager might encounter in the process of establishing equal employment opportunities and diversity within the workplace while still aiming to acquire employees with the necessary credentials. A Corporation cannot have an inclusive work setting short of the interdependent elements of Equal Employment Opportunity, Affirmative Action, and Diversity. Equal Employment Opportunity abbreviated as (EEO) is a body of federal laws mandated with the responsibility of protecting applicants and employees from discrimination in any employment aspect. The Human Resource Manager of the technology company has to comply with the current EEO laws (Nielsen, Nelson & Lancaster, 2010). The Human Resource Manager will encounter the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) that protects women and men who perform equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination. The manager will have to ensure equal wage benefits to both men and women with the same credentials and tasks. The Human Resource Manager will equally encounter Title VII of the Civil Right Act of the year 1964 that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Besides acquiring employees with the needed credentials and certifications, the Human Resource Manager must also ensure that it does not discriminate potential employees based on color, religion, sex, race or national origin. The HR manager needs to provide equal employment opportunities and diversity within the workplace by complying with the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In addition, the Human Resource Manager has to comply with the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of the year 1967 (ADEA) that protects individuals who are above forty years old. The HR Manager has to ensure that the failure of overlooking more aged people in efforts to acquire new employees does not occur

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

International Business - Essay Example Starbucks currently desired to expand its international operation to obtain 20,000 international stores worldwide in the near future (Annual Report: Starbucks, 2006). A company can obtain market penetration is hot market to expand its customer base or find a developing nation such as China to establish manufacturing operation or importing activities to obtain significant cost savings in materials and supplies needed to lower company expenses. India is a country that high levels of export of professional services in IT services and other administrative work (Country Insight, 2007). The entire country has a business community with a model based on exporting of professional services and a research and development platform that will bring greater innovation and research findings to achiever greater level of international business activity. One of the most powerful organizations that regulate the trade among nations is the World Trade Organization (WTO) which has 151 member countries (Wto , 2007). The world economy turn into an interlocked internation business driven system since the globalization movement started and it was further enhanced with information age, internet age and the current economic era the world is living in the convergence are. Greater communication systems allowed business unity and access to customers worldwide facilitated by high speed internet networks. The biggest players in the international business word are corporation doing business activities in G8 countries. The biggest fastest growing economy which is the epicenter of powerful business industries such as the apparel business in which obtain a 50% market share of the world’s apparel industry is China which is the epicenter for light manufacturing operations worldwide. The currency of a country is the monetary unit that supports the national economy and is utilized for interchanged and completer buyer / seller transaction as well as other financial function such as

Strategic Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Marketing - Assignment Example Nike’s strategy has always been to develop their brand with global perspective by creating a motivational consumer base for the company. Nike tries to influence the brand perception of the consumers and can sustain it by adding materialistic benefits in marketing strategy. In order to sustain in the competitive scenario, it is recommended to the company that enhancing their business into the motor sports segments will create a bigger market place for the Nike. Also they can develop their connection with the consumers if Nike endorses athletes who are close to their consumers or local athletes. Marketing concepts and strategies are evolving rapidly with the growing competition in the corporate sector. New forms of marketing such as viral marketing, guerilla marketing, etc. are now forming exclusive segments of the marketing process of the business houses. As defined by Beard (2008), strategic marketing helps the firms to align their business objectives with the market demands and creates consumer awareness. Grà ¶nroos (2010) added that the primary objective of a strategic marketing process is to help the business develop a long-term sustainable competitive advantage. Combining the above two definitions it can be observed that strategic marketing helps in developing a competitive advantage by allying the business objectives with market requirements. Nike is known to be one of the pioneers of the modern day marketing process. They have established themselves as one of the leading brands in the sportswear industry (Anderson and Narus, 2007). The strategic marketing concept o f Nike will be analysed in context to the role of services in marketing and factors that can be included to boost the marketing effectiveness of the company. The researcher will try to evaluate the gaps in the marketing strategy of Nike in terms of the service marking strategy and provide

Victim Advocacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Victim Advocacy - Essay Example The need for such profile of the victim arose and its utility was realized when the investigation teams had to solve the cases of serial criminals. The development of the profile of the potential victims on the basis of the existing victim's information helped to trace the serial criminals. However, this strategy is now not restricted to the serial crimes only, rather a separate field of studies has been developed to work on the matter; this field is termed as 'victimology'. "The scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system -- that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials -- and the connections between victims and other societal groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements." (Karmen) The concept of victim dates back to ancient cultures and civilizations. Its original meaning was rooted in the exercise of sacrifice -- the taking of the life of a person or animal to satisfy a deity. (Karmen) Before 1940's, as mentioned earlier, the criminology and the crime investigation had total focus of research and academic analysis on the criminals, victims had no significant place in the investigation. However, the field of criminology gave birth to victimology when Mendelson and Von Hentig started studying the victims of the crime as well, since were of the view that like criminals, the victims should also be the integral part of such analysis. These two are know as the father of the study of Victimology. (Roberson) Mendelson asserted that victims had an "unconscious aptitude for being victimized." (Roberson, 1994) Von Hentig published an article in 1941 with the title "Remarks on the Interaction between Perpetrator and Victim" (Hentig). Later on, he published "The Criminal and his Victim", a textbook on criminology in which he wrote a chapter about the victim (Hentig). He treated the victim as one of the participants in a crime. The term victimology was evolved by Mendelsohn in 1947 in a paper presented in French at a congress in Bucharest. Another significant contribution in the development of the field of Victimology as a separate discipline of studies is by S. Schafer who published in 1968 a remarkable book on the subject entitled "The Victim and his Criminal; a study into functional responsibility" It was the result of all these efforts that victimology evolved as a separate branch of studies in 1970's and is now progressing by leaps and bounds. Difference between Victimology, Criminology, Sociology and Psychology: Before moving on to the differences, one must be clear about respective definitions since they form the basis for difference. Criminology is the scientific study of the crime. Sociology is the study of the individuals, groups and institutions

Discuss the Controversies of federalism that have arisen in America Essay

Discuss the Controversies of federalism that have arisen in America throughout its history - Essay Example The ruling denied the African people right to have the citizenship of the USA. The Dred Scott Decision intensified the causal factors of the Civil War in the USA (Cozzens). Slavery in the USA could not be stopped without the commencement of the Civil War. In the years between 1861 and 1865, more than six lac Americans lost their lives to achieve different objectives including preservation of the Union, defense of the rights of the states and the end of slavery. One of the controversies of federalism in the contemporary USA is the constitutional system in which, the state governments and the national government share power. When the presidential elections take place, voters are registered and elections are conducted by the states whereas the date for the national elections is set by the congress. The electoral votes are organizes by the national government while the ballots are counted by the states. The president is ultimately determined by the electoral votes organized by the national

Immigration in Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Immigration in Mexico - Essay Example The paper will analyze the effect of such migration on the Mexican economy along with its ramifications for the U.S. economy. Before we delve into this issue any further it is perhaps best to do a quick study of the country. Mexico is the third largest nation in North America and among the fifteen largest in the world. It is bordered by the U.S. in the north and by Guatemala and Belize in the south. Mexico is poor in natural resources except oil. However it is rich in mineral sources like gold and silver. These two countries, Mexico and the U.S., have a long and shared history. One of the momentous events in this shared history has been the annexation of large parts of Mexico by the U.S. in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. This treaty effectively ended Mexican claims to the state of Texas while at the same time Mexico also incurred the loss of the state of California and much of modern day Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada, New Mexico and Arizona. This annexation had been engineered by James Polk, the eleventh President of the U.S. The annexation had been largely supported by the American people though Polk's means and methods to achieve it were even at that time highly suspect. Mexico had losMexico had lost much of its agricultural land in this transaction which compensation by the U.S could not rectify. Daniel Levy and Gabriel Szekely in their book Mexico - Paradoxes of Stability and Change believe that Mexico's political stability is inadvertently tied with its economic growth. This is supported by Daniel James in Mexico And The Americans where he remarks that single party rule in Mexico, though not an encouraging aspect about Mexico may have helped her progress in the long run. Similarly Haber and Razo reject the claims of other historians that the Mexican Revolution (1910 - 1919) had a negative impact on the industrial growth of Mexico. In fact they say that there was an overall growth in sectors like cotton textiles, steel and cement industries. The 1920's saw a massive increase of import of U.S. made heavy machinery by Mexico for use in its industries. Mexico had an economic boom in the Post - War years but some fifty years later it also suffered a c ollapse of its economy when the peso became almost worthless. It is hardly surprising that many Mexicans try to seek employment in the U.S. A majority among these enter the U.S. illegally to work primarily in agriculture and factories.Mexico, on the other hand, also absorbs a large number of immigrants from the Central American countries who emigrate to work in Mexico or use it as a gateway to enter the U.S. Over the years relations between the two countries have had their fair share of successes and reversals. Mexico's problems stem in part from being the neighbor of the most powerful country in the world. Mexico is among the ten most populous countries in the world. It also has an immense disparity between its rich and its poor. Illegal immigration is one of the thorniest issues that beleaguer U.S. - Mexico relations. Typically Americans feel swamped by their neighbors and hostility ensues. The U.S Census Office estimated that in the years 1999 - 2000 the foreign - born population had increased by 50 pc when in

Legal Skills Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Legal Skills - Case Study Example He admitted that he knew that it contained prohibited drugs either heroin or cannabis. Analysis showed that the material in the suitcase was not a prohibited drug but vegetable matter akin snuff. He appealed on the ground that because the substance was not a prohibited drug he had not done an act which was not more then merely preparatory 2 to the commission of the offence as required by the Criminal Attempts Act 1981. The Court of Appeal dismissed his appeal. The appellant, on a visit to India, was approached by a man named Desai, who offered to pay him 1000 if, on his return to England, he would receive a suitcase which a courier would deliver to him containing packages of drugs which the appellant was then to distribute according to instructions he would receive. The suitcase was duly delivered to him in Cambridge. Acting on instructions, the appellant went to Southall station to deliver a package of drugs to a third party 3. Outside the station, he and the man he had met by appointment were arrested. A package containing a powdered substance was found in the appellant's shoulder bag. He produced to customs officers the suitcase from which the lining had been ripped out 4 and the remaining packages of the same powdered substance. In answer to questions by customs officers and in a long written statement the appellant made what amounted to a full confession of having played... The appellant believed the drugs to be either heroin or cannabis. In due course, the powdered substance in the several packages was scientifically analysed and found not to be a controlled drug but snuff or some similar harmless vegetable matter. The applicant was convicted under the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s 1(1) of attempting to commit the offence of being of Knowingly concerned the dealing with and harbouring prohibited drugs s 170 (1) (b) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979. Section 1(1) of the Criminal Attempt Act 1981 provides that a person is guilty of attempting to commit an offence if, with intent to commit the offence, he does an act which is more than merely preparatory 5 to the commission of the offence. The prosecution must prove that the defendants did what they did knowingly and it must be proved that they knew the goods were prohibited goods and had been imported into the United Kingdom. There is evidence to consider in this case that Mr. Shivpuri particularly knew the nature of the substance. The House of Lords, looking at the case law and legislative history, concluded that Parliament intended that the only means rea necessary for an offence under Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s 1(1) and the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979, should be knowledge that the goods were subject to a prohibition on importation. If there are four offences, the means rea is the same for each. In this case, D would be guilty of the life offence, although the offence he believed he has committing was punishable with only 5 years. He would be attempt to commit the five years 5) Mens rea of the offence, offence, because that is the offence he intents to commit. These results

Innovation and The Sustainable Organisation Individual written Essay

Innovation and The Sustainable Organisation Individual written assignment - Essay Example cance to these aspects, this paper intends to explain the green technologies strategized by Toyota along with a literature review on the stated area of research. This paper also deals with fruitful ranking of the industry compared to its rivals from the global market based on the sales of the company. Toyota is currently reputed as among the most competitive business, which provides variety of vehicles with new models linked but entirely differentiated on dimension of financial services. The company is much credited for its ability to meet the needs of the customers, which has also empowered its competitive advantages, brewing talented employees valuing their innovative ideas. In its recent endeavors, Toyota has implemented an advanced set of green technologies for improving the lifestyle of the customers by providing them better eco-friendly services. The products produced by Toyota are also preferred for their good quality and new design approach, without compromising the comfort needs of its customers. Overall, these features help in grabbing the attention of customers (Deeppa & et. al., 2012). A major feature providing differentiating advantages to Toyota products is its use of green environmental technologies that also display the responsible attitude of the company towards its stakeholders. The company is also attaining competitive advantages by providing vehicles or cars based on the lifestyle choices of the modern environment and the market structure. Green technologies are thus required for the economic development of the company as well as to attain competitive advantages through greater sustainability of the products (Deeppa & et. al., 2012). Green technologies applied by Toyota also involve durable and comfortable designs, innovations and greater viability of the products that has significantly contributed to the overall development of the company. In accordance with several subject areas, green technologies can be identified as environmental science,

Modern culture Essay Example for Free

Modern culture Essay As has lately been pointed out (Hesmondhalgh, 2002; Negus, 2002) this term has been used with some quite differing meanings or at least deviating from Bourdieus original intentions (Bourdieu, 1986). If they can be seen as active and cognizant agents of social and cultural change change in the supposed interests of themselves and the class fraction to which they go, as Bourdieu would have it then they have been recognized with cultural critics (Bourdieu, 1986; Hesmondhalgh, 2002); those promoting a new lifestyle (OConnor and Wynne, 1998); and those who choose which products go forward during the cultural production chain. It has also been used to portray those who make things happen, putting artists, money and audiences together in a means that creates new cultural possibilities. This might comprise Diaghilev, or Brian Epstein, or Charles Saatchi. At a more ordinary level it can be used to portray those who are able to translate between the language of policy makers and that of the cultural producers. As with the A+R men (music industry talent scouts: Artists and Repertoire) in Negus description these intermediaries work to bond one level of discourse to another to symbolize the interests of cultural producers within the framework of wider policy development, and speak this language back to those producers. By the time Tony Blairs New Labour came to power in 1997 in the U. K. the cultural industries had a well-built policy presence it was here that consultants and policy makers had interpreted academic literature and practical illustrations into coherent policy possibilities. The narrative context for this was boosted by New Labor’s legitimizing of the cultural industries and the term creative acceptable an argument about a benign combination of culture and economics to be placed at the level of personal potential and aspiration. Those in the sector could now distinguish themselves and others as creatives (Caves, 2000; Florida, 2002). At the same time the cultural industries also became a U. K. policy export, with consultants and now academics being asked by many European cities to advice on culture as a motor of economic development. Though, the interaction of these policy intermediaries with extremely different contexts destined that the work of definition had to be done over, and as such the narratives spelled out more evidently. Often this was not easy as the cultural (and by now creative) industry discourse was linked with Blairs Third Way, or with some Anglo-U. S. assault on a European cultural policy consent. Certainly it was quite clear that a shift in discourse would challenge recognized policy consensus. The terminology itself brought fresh problems; whereas the U. K. can use industry almost interchangeably with economic sector, elsewhere it evokes factory production (OConnor, 2000b). Cultural enterprise or cultural business frequently had to supplement the main term. In fact cultural industries became greatly an imported neologism, given in the English original and then explained (OConnor, 1999a). How the term and the arguments are used and reconfigured depends on the local context. But if it was usually seen as an argument concerning a new relationship between culture and economics, how this relationship was understood could be extremely different, as could too the outcomes envisioned and the groups who picked up the ideas. Policy makers used it to drive diverse agendas job creation, urban regeneration, the commercialization of subsidized culture, emerging new media industries, creating employment, retaining talent, etc. But cultural producers also reacted in different ways some seeing it as a new set of opportunities, others as the thin end of a precarious wedge. â€Å"The perceptions that the creative industries are open to talent, and are indeed dependent on diverse talent, have also been somewhat optimistic† . It must be clear then that in working to construct a new policy object, and in efforting to shift discourses around culture towards economics with the provision that economics too is moving towards culture, the cultural industries discourse rallies a narrative to strengthen its policy goals. These narratives become more obvious when the discourse enters a new framework it has to justify itself and make its arguments obvious not simply as technical policy tools but as concerned with the primary direction and meaning of modern culture.

Research report on substance related disorders

Research report on substance related disorders Substance use is a common factor world-wide throughout our social society. Substance related disorders are also on the rise due to its abusers. In todays world we witness thousands of people who pass away due to substance related disorders. Ask anybody in todays society if they know someone who has died, or has suffered severely due to any substance related use or abuse. Then ask them if that person who suffered a car accident or a short coma continues the substance use. Several who were asked, said yes to both. This is why our nations share this negative similarity worldwide. Millions of dollars are used in ways to clean-up and prevent substance users. Illegal substances are a major crisis that is shared all over the world. Treatments may vary among countries, but the enforcement of its illicit substance use is seen with the same urge of abolishing the trafficking and use. A substance user can be lead to the substance abuse, withdrawal, and even dependence. When referring to substance it refers to any natural or synthesized product that impairs psychoactive effects-it impairs behaviors, judgments, awareness, and emotions. (Susan Nolken-Hoekesma2008) Common symptoms that might give you an idea that someone you know may have a substance-related disorder according to the substance that is encapsulate by them is as follows below. In accordance to the substance alcohol, one may show signs of cognitive impairment, unable to walk straight, lack of motor skills, slurred speech. And depending on the mood or if depressed and depending on how much alcohol was consumed, depends on their change of behavior. For example, if a person were to start drinking due to work related stress or problems, that then will cause them to have a temperamental change to get physically and verbally aggressive. If a person were to drink passively and not consuming so much at once, may just cause relaxation, or even depression leading them to becoming sad and vulnerable. Alcohol withdrawal has its own set of symptoms such as rapid heart rate, trembling, and aggressiveness. When the body is being forced to stop a negatively daily routine the body starts to express the need and want of the substance, and is not able to function or focus without its intake on that certain substance its lacking. Alcohol withdrawal on the other hand can be a little scarier when chronic users of alcohol try to stop and have not consumed alcohol for a long time can have medical conditions as serious as hallucinations, or seizures. Alcohol although is a part of substance related disorders it contains different symptoms and treatments. Marijuana for instance is also a part of substance related disorders which contains its own set of symptoms. For example, dry mouth, feeling at a good state high, hallucinations, slowing down time and speech, and the desire for food. And as mentioned the ch ronic users are affected with stronger symptoms which may include psychiatric behaviors, red eyes, obsessed delusions, and neglecting others from society. Opioids is another subcategory of substance related disorders. Opioids are different sorts of pain medications such as morphine, heroin, codeine, and methadone. Females who get addicted to opioids, have a higher rate of serious risk factors. For example, if a female is addicted to crack she will possibly have sex for drugs which will then increase her possibilities of becoming pregnant. If the female is then dependent of sex for drugs during her pregnancy the use of crack and heroin affects the baby before it is even born because they cross the placental barrier. As a result the babies who have taken crack through their mothers stomach they now have to go through the withdrawal stage right after birth, and may cause low birth weight babies due to the lack of maternal care. After abusing opioids, drugs symptoms may include; constri ction of pupils, behavioral changes, drowsiness, having a hard time focusing, and illusions. Overdosing on opioids may also cause seizures, and can even be life threatening or eventually lead to death. Withdrawal from opioids includes its own classification of withdrawal symptoms which include; nausea, vomiting, sweating, fever, insomnia, diarrhea, dilation of pupils, and contraction of the stomach muscle. According to research, a person who abuses or are dependent on the substance can respond differently psychologically and physiologically to substances compared to those who were not dependent or abusive to the substances. Age also may vary. The age of the user may affect them on a many different of ways among similar symptoms and side effects. Children, who may possibly be substance users, will be affected by growth effects. Not just growth, but motor skill development and cognitive development. Dreadful to say, but the innocent neonates, who have been fed by their drug/alcohol addicted mother have it the worse.FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) are babies of mothers who consumed heavily on alcohol while being pregnant. Sadly to say the children are affected by growth delay, mental retarded, facial deformation, and damage to the central nervous system, heat defects, skeletal abnormalities, and sadly many more abnormalities. There are also the crack babies the term comes from mothers who ar e addicted to crack and alcohol and other drugs while pregnant. The unfortunate neonates are clearly born addicted to the mothers entire intake of crack and other substances that were consumed, therefore are always crying. They are born prematurely, with small size heads compared to an infants sized head. The neonates also do not like to be touched or carried and have a difficult time bounding. They rate low on the APGAR scale, which consist of a test that measures their heart rate, complexion, muscle tone, reflex, and their breathing. Many of their organs are already destroyed and have a poor nervous system. Symptoms and dysfunctions only get worse with age. Needless to say fatality is also common among crack babies. Teenagers and young adolescents also have a dark substance abuse pathway. Many teenagers and young adults get together and gather their prescription drugs, such as Valium, Xanax, or Klonopin and either trade and or mix them as if they were baseball cards to produce euphoria feelings, and or to relax. The bring your own drugs parties become more frequent creating them dependent on the drugs to keep them less agitated and in a euphoria state of mind. This usually happens when young adolescents are already dependent on other substances such as alcohol or even cocaine. Another common negative trail that is followed by the teenage substance abusers is known as the club drugs club drugs are legendary known to be popular at rave clubs for young adults. Taking into consideration the rave clubs atmosphere these club drugs takes after its affect of hallucinogenic to the different neon colored lights, rave music and crowds of people; then can cause paranoia in a raving crowd. A major health fea r of rave clubs is dehydration due to the large crowds of clustered people in one large room. The category club drugs include; Ecstasy, GHB also known as a date rape drug, Ketamine, and Rohypnol also known as a roofies. Substance users who utilize ecstasy carry the affects of hallucinations, finely tuned energy, teeth grinding, and become very affectionate with others. It can also contain harmful effects on cognition. Chronic users who have been dependent are affected more rigorously such as cardiac problems and liver failure, increased rates of anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) its popular use is to relieve anxiety and help relax. Its destruction of side of effects includes; high blood pressure, liver tumors, violent and aggressive behavior lowering pulse rate, and lack of reflex. Ketamine, also known as the street name kit kat is known for the cause of hallucinogenic effects, and being high its side effects include; loss of coordination, aggressive or vi olent behavior, blocked speech, an empty gaze, and exaggerated sense of strength. Heavily chronic users although have more dangerous effects such as, oxygen starvation of the brain and muscles, and even death. Lastly the substance acknowledged as the roofies is also known as the date rape drug. Roofies have sedative and hypnotic effects, as well as a high, blackouts, and confusion. The side effects of the date rape drug contain muscle pain and seizures. It can even cause death if mixed with alcohol or the depressant substance. Once a person starts to show the mentioned symptoms, they can be taken for an evaluation. There are 4 types of behavioral categories to test whether a person would be diagnosed with substance abuse. Any one of the four behavioral types must occur repeatedly during a one year time frame. The first category consists of the inability to perform toward the importance of a social priority such as home, work, or school due to the substance intake. The second category consists of knowing the physical harm it may bestow upon them, but will still use the substance repeatedly. The third category that may be diagnosed as a substance abuse is, getting involved numerous times as a consequence of the utilizing the substance. The last behavioral test deals with the abuse interfering continually with problems socially, professionally, and legally as an outcome of the use. Diagnosis of substance abuse and its treatment is only decided by a physician and or psychiatrist. Substance abuse is usually first seen in young adolescents and in college students. According to research, the average age of substance related disorder is 15-54 years old. A new research is starting to show that a substance such as drugs is not developing the same in females as in males in form of legal substances to illegal substances. Studies show that more women are cigarette smokers than men, and men are larger consumers of alcohol than women. In regards to illegal substances women experiment with cocaine more than men to use for intimate relationships. Men on the order hand are more prone for drug trafficking than women. Women who become substance abusers tend to have their life a bit more negatively complicated. For instance, women initiate childhood fears, anxiety, and failed relationships. Studies also show that 70% of female substance related abusers have been sexually abused or raped in their past history, and 32% of those women were pregnant before or at 18 years old. The refore, women with substance related disorders show more vulnerability, and carry a higher risk of obtaining posttraumatic stress disorder compared to men. Women can also affect their baby if pregnant while being under the influence of illegal substances. A main concern of substance use while being pregnant is very hazardous, that could lead to a miscarriage, low birth weight, newborns with smaller head size than healthy newborns, or even a child born with AIDS due to a mother injecting herself with used needles or maternal sex with a drug user. Substance related disorders do have treatment options available. There are also new preventive groups forming due to the intensity of encouraging the education of negative and life threatening affects of substances related use and abuse. AA groups are also a very helpful growing treatment option that has been available since1935. Alcohol Anonymous is a self-help group based on a disease model, which is one of the most common forms interventions for the alcohol substance abuse. Another form of group intervention is known as the harm-reduction model. The hard-reduction model which creates their focal point on how they got started on substance use and how they can control the substance use through behavioral and cognitive interventions. (Abnormal Book) When people start to withdrawal from substance there are therapies merged with comprehensive substance treatment programs that are used to help them through the process. Medications are also used to help someone diminish the need of subst ance use. Medications such as anti-anxiety, anti-depressants, and antagonists are all used to help eliminate substance related disorders. There are also numerous behavioral techniques that are used to eliminate substance use. For example, encourage the person to stop the drug intake, and trying to find something to replace the substance whenever its craved, and learning how to manage to stay away from the desire of the substance. Other therapies include, aversive classical conditioning, covert sensitization therapy, and cue exposure and response prevention. The NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) created a neuroimaging technique that enables them to look into the brain of conscious and behaving individuals to see the reflective effects that negatively impact the brain. NIDA is also in the process of creating a new medication and is currently in the testing development for the new drug. NIDAs new medication that is currently in its testing stage is intended for heroin addiction, buprenorphine and buprenorphine combined with naloxone. NIDA is also working on new prevention treatment programs with their latest technology and discoveries involving the neuroimaging technique. Like all disorders, each has its own set of prognosis upon each type. Substance-related disorder prognosis is determined by numerous factors per individual and their situation. For example determining which substance is used, how many being used, the reason of abuse, personal vulnerability, socioeconomic status, social support, any sort of psychiatric disorder history, and duration of abuse. Common prognoses for people who are drug abusers include an antisocial life, and frequent factors of death such as accidental overdose, car accidents, and HIV. There is about a 10-15% morality death rate between 10 years for opioids user. Cocaine users on the other hand have a higher success rate of withdrawal treatment. Due to the fact that cocaine is a heavy substance to obtain and many adolescents give it up at some point in time. However having a greater chance of substance withdrawal is only possible with seeking medical treatment and committing to a therapy treatment, or a support group. People with substance related disorders do get very aggressive and will go out their ways for drugs. Working at a pharmacy, gives a little more perspective and an inside look at how much and how far substance abusers will go. Many will pay whatever high and over priced narcotic medication just to get the drugs. Many will even start a fight if not given a drug, or invent false counterfeit stories every week of how 120 tablets of vicodin were gone in a 10 day period. Is there a difference between the word addict when it applies to complete different objects? How about when one craves this one thing, and must have a little of it every single day? When one is constantly thinking of that one crave that will not go away until the desire is fed, even though you know the damage it will do to you. This then brings me to a conclusion that I have an addiction, an addiction for sweets. Reading and investigating substance related disorders brings an understanding state of mind towards those with substance related disorders and its difficulty of withdrawal. Even though you may know the harm that its affecting when you fed the crave for that addiction sometimes feels worth it, until you look at yourself in the mirror and realize all the harm it has done to you and your body. Nevertheless, sweets and substance related disorders are complete opposite and are not close to even compare against. The point is after engaging and relating to my research to the smalle st way, it can be done especially when it comes to the circumstances of becoming a life and death situation. When it becomes a situation thats where the difference of addict is. There is a way to prevent drug abusers behavior and different ways to treat drug addictions. Straussner, S. L. A. (2001). Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment. New York: Guilford Press. Title Teen drug abuse / Pamela Willwerth Aue, book editor. Alt Author Aue, Pamela Willwerth. Pub Info Detroit : Thomson/Gale, c2006. National Clearinghouse for Drug Abuse Information., United States. (1900). Drug abuse prevention report. Rockville, Md: National Clearinghouse for Drug Abuse Information. National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)., United States., United States., United States. (1973). Alcohol, drug abuse, mental health, research grant awards. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health. BioMed Central Ltd. (2006). Substance abuse treatment, prevention and policy. London: BioMed Central.

English Language Essays Language play in Literature

English Language Essays Language play in Literature What is the role of language play in literature? Language play, the use of words and language to create new and unusual meanings and correspondences, has long been used by authors to ensure that their words have an impact on readers. Poets, playwrights and novelists, both classic and contemporary, use language play to conjure the readers’ imagination without wordy descriptions or long explanations. Language play affords writers the opportunity to say more with less, evoking vivid imagery causing the reader to feel the action, rather than simply reading words on a page. â€Å"Literary language is different from everyday language because it draws attention to some property of the language itself, and highlights or foregrounds it. This foregrounding surprises the reader into a fresh perception and appreciation of the subject matter.† (Jeffries, 1996, p. 163) There are many different type of foregrounding used by authors, most of which are also considered to be types of language play. Out of the tradition of language play comes the phrase â€Å"to play on words† which usually refers to the most basic form of language play, punning. But this phrase can also be taken in this context to refer to other types of language play including: metaphors, similes, rhyme, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, and many other more technical forms of language play. Many authors use language play to create their own distinct style, not only setting their words and ideas apart, but also themselves as writers. These authors have used language play to break literary conventions and create their own literary trademarks. One of the most notable authors known to persistently use language play in their literature is William Shakespeare, who broke conventions of subject matter and language use far before his time. Shakespeare’s use of language play has ensured that his plays remain relevant to this day, while the works of his contemporaries often appear dated or irrelevant today. Shakespeare instilled timelessness in his works by using numerous language play conventions to create visual pictures for his readers and audiences. He mixed the use of poetry and prose in his plays to mark changes in the narrative, notably the movement from conversation to soliloquies. This use of language play is effective both when reading the texts and listening to the words aloud. As text the movement from prose to poetry has a distinctly different look on the page, just as the rhythm of speech changes when read aloud. In his poetry he often uses rhyme, alliteration (the repetition of consonants), assonance (the repetition of vowels) and onomatopoeia (words that sound like the things or actions they describe, such as, pop) to create a distinct, memorable rhythm within the text. This use of language play within the text also creates text which is notably easier for actors to recite and remember. But probably the most notable language play convention used by Shakespeare is punning, which he used to great effect both in his tragedies and comedies. â€Å"Shakespeare was a dedicated punster, not only for comic but also tragic purpose†¦. An example is Hamlet’s cry: Is thy union here? Hamlet, v. iii. 340) When he realises that his mother has drunk the wine laced with a poisoned pearl (a union) by the man she has joined in union or marriage, thus bringing about her union with death. Here a pun compresses meanings and emotions in a powerful and poignant manner. (Cook, 1996, p. 220–221). Shakespeare also used punning for comedic purposes in his comedies and romances. There are numerous examples of banter in Shakespeare’s comedies. These banters often not only serve a comedic purpose but also move to develop characters or shed insight on to the plot. In Twelfth Night the fool or clown character, Feste, appears by the end of the play to be the most intelligent and insightful character, and as a result he is loved and respected by all. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good madonna, why mournst thou? OLIVIA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good Fool, for my brothers death. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think his soul is in hell, madonna. OLIVIA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I know his soul is in heaven, fool. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The more fool, madonna, to mourn for your brothers soul,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   being in heaven. Take away the fool, gentlemen. (Shakespeare, Act. 1 Scene 5) In this passage Shakespeare uses word frequency to focus the readers attention on the role of Feste as the fool. The effect of word frequency is that as words are repeated they gain a greater effect upon the reader, (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 227-228). As the word fool is repeated throughout the passage, and throughout the play, it focuses the readers attention to the irony in that the one character that can see everything that is going on within the complicated play if Feste, the fool. At the beginning of scene five Olivia calls for Feste to be taken away because she does not understand what he is trying to say, he then proves himself to be more sound of mind then she, the true Shakespearean fool. â€Å"People’s understanding of texts not only depend on a general knowledge of the world, but also involve strategies of comprehension which are not peculiar to language (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 218). In this sense authors often depend on reader’s knowledge, assumptions and opinions to gain the reactions they desire from their readers. Thus, in Twelfth Night even though Feste is referred to as the fool the audience soon learns to listen to him for insight into the story. Just as Shakespeare uses language play to enrich his plays and ensure their timelessness, similarly, Gabriel Garcia Marquez infuses his works with evocations of the magical and surreal, while remaining within the classification of literary fiction, rather than crossing the boundary into science fiction, although many of his story-lines could easily be classified as science fiction or fantasy. Marquez uses unusual metaphors to create a unique world where, often, the past present and future coincide, yet Marquez presents his narratives in such a visual and powerful fashion, that they not do not appear strange. ‘Through the window he contemplated the sea grown drowsy in the ennui of four o’clock, and realised with a heavy heart the swallows had returned,’ (Marquez, 1995, p. 20). In this passage Marquez uses language play in a number of ways. Firstly he uses the reader’s assumptions of what certain words should mean and which other words they should be grouped with, these assumptions are referred to as schemas and frames (Graddol, et. al., 1994, p. 216-8). Furthermore he uses collocation (Jeffries, 1996, p. 169), which is linked to the idea of schemas and frames, using the idea of grouping unusual words to create an impact upon the reader. In his description of the â€Å"sea grown drowsy† Marquez uses the idea that most readers would see the sea as unruly and goes against that by describing it as drowsy, creating a sense of melancholy with only a few words. He also uses the readers understanding of the phrases â€Å"heavy heart† and â€Å"swallows returning† to express the idea of sadness in time passing. Without saying that time has passed the use of the phrase â€Å"the swallows had returned† indicates to the reader that it is now spring and the character in question is unhappy about it. Both authors manage to resist being pigeonholed by using language play to paint vivid dynamic pictures in the reader’s imagination. They depend on the reader to fill in the details of what they are describing, and in doing so avoiding the need to describe details which could confine them to a specific period or genre of literature. If there were no language play, there would be no literature because there would be only one way of saying any one thing. Language play affords authors the ability to personalise their thoughts, and those of their characters, creating dynamic narratives. Much of literature is referential, but without the use of language play we would merely have repetition rather than reference. â€Å"No text is produced which is not in some way affected by texts, both spoken and written, literary and non-literary, that have gone before it’ (Jeffries, 1996, p. 181). It is their use of language rather than their ideas, which set authors apart from one another. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cook, G. â€Å"Language play in English† (pp. 198-227). In: Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. (1996). Using English: From conversation to canon. London: Routledge. Graddol, D., Cheshire, J. Swann, J. (1994). Describing Language. â€Å"7.4: Written Language.† (pp. 214-234). Buckingham Philadelphia: Open University Press. Jeffries, L. â€Å"What makes English into art?† (pp. 162-184). In: Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. (1996). Using English: From conversation to canon. London: Routledge. Marquez, G.G. (1995) Of Love and other Demons (translated from Spanish by Edith Grossman). Toronto: Knopf Canada. Shakespeare, W. Twelfth Night. Act 1, Scene 5. In: http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/Twelfth_Night/5.html

The Iphone Essay -- Apple Cellular Cell Phone

When the word iPhone appears in Apple press releases, the word revolutionary is rarely far behind. But what counts as revolutionary? In Apple's case, the bar is high. Since the 1970s, the firm has changed both the personal computer and music industries. Will the iPhone fundamentally alter the structure of the wireless world as well? Not yet. The iPhone's style and user interface are pathbreaking, and (as the iPod proved) aesthetics do matter. But the iPhone is—so far—not a product that will turn any industry inside out. Seen as a phone, the iPhone is striking. Seen as a small computer, it's limited, and compromised by the existing business models of the wireless industry. Saying the iPhone is a pointless gadget is a bit too strong. But it isn't yet a revolutionary device. It is in some ways astonishing that AT&T and Apple are partners at all. AT&T is the oldest of the old school—the most ancient major high-tech firm in the United States, founded in 1878. Unfazed by spending the last 23 years in suspended animation (after the great breakup of 1984), AT&T is back to its classic business model: own the largest networks and everything on them. Apple, meanwhile, is the original hippie computer company, a child of the 1970s, not the 1870s. At least in its origins, Apple is an ideological foe of IBM and AT&T. (Remember that 1984 ad?) Considering that these firms were born on the opposite sides of the tech Kulturkampf, the iPhone cannot help but be a little strange. Most obviously, the iPhone is locked, as is de rigueur in the wireless world. It will work only with one carrier, AT&T. Judged by the standards of a personal computer or electronics, that's odd: Imagine buying a Dell that worked only with Comcast Internet access or a ... ...ed in transforming industries. Once Big Brother's foe, it's now more like Little Brother, happy to sell cute little devices that are easy to use, make money, and spread false consciousness. If you're an optimist, the more intriguing possibility is that Apple's iPhone is a Trojan Horse. The iPhone is fatally attractive to AT&T, since it gives the firm a chance to steal tens of thousands of new customers from rivals like Verizon. But Apple may be betting that, once it has its customers, they'll be more loyal to Apple than AT&T. With its foothold in the wireless world, Apple may be planning to slowly but inexorably demand more room. If iPhone 2.0 is a 3G phone that works with any carrier and supports third-party apps, then industry power will begin to move away from the carrier oligopoly and toward Apple and other Silicon Valley firms. Now, that would be a revolution.

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Gay men, lesbians and bisexuals would be granted many of the same rights as married couples under UK Government plans for legally-recognised civil partnerships. Barbara Roche, the Minister for Social Exclusion and Equalities, says there is a strong case for allowing same-sex couples to register their relationships. This seems to be equating gay relationships with marriage and I think that is very wrong Colin Hart Christian Alliance Co-habiting couples do not receive the same tax breaks or entitlements that married couples enjoy, including access to a partner's pension. Civil partnerships could give homosexual couples property and inheritance rights for the first time. Under the plans, those who register their partnership will also receive next-of-kin status, without which partners cannot be consulted about hospital treatment. The government is set to unveil detailed proposals for change next summer and consult on the issue before bringing in legislation. Any bill would be likely to run into opposition in the House of Lords. Britons support unmarried couples Click here to read Panorama report There is already a register for gay couples in London - but it does not confer legal rights. Mrs Roche says the idea is not about being politically correct but about recognising how society has changed. She told BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "There are a number of people in gay relationships, in lesbian relationships, who are in loving relationships but their partnerships have no recognition in law. Roche: Change would send a strong message against homophobia "What I am seeking to do is to say I think there is a strong case for considering a civil partnership registration scheme." Earlier, she told the Independent newspaper the change would also send a powerful message that homophobia was unacceptable and still far too widespread. Mrs Roche said that many gay people had been refused hospital visits or excluded from funerals, while others had had to sell their homes to pay inheritance tax. Eight European Union countries, Canada and several American states already gave legal status to civil partnerships, said Mrs Roche. A new survey of British social attitudes this week suggested a "dramatic" shift in the way the public view homosexuality. We certainly welcome it and would hope that the government will go on and recognise these relationships in full David Allison, spokesman for OutRage! In 1985, 70% of people thought homosexuality was "always" or "mostly" wrong. Now that view is shared by under half (47%) of people, while a third of people says it is "not wrong at all", suggested the National Centre for Social Research survey.

Effects on plastic surgery

Purpose: The audience will know about the effects of the plastic surgery. Thesis: Effects on plastic surgery. Introduction A. Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the â€Å"correction† or restoration of form and function. B. There are many types of plastic surgery such as cosmetic surgery, reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. C. However, plastic surgery can have positive and negative effects. Transition: Let me start explaining about the positive effects on plastic surgery. Body 1. Re-contouring A.This is the process of plastic surgery that includes procedures such a liposuction, which involves the removal of fat from the body. B. Not only does this make you look more attractive, but controlled liposuction can remove safe amounts of fat from your body to aid in overall health. Transition: Another positive effect of plastic surgery is†¦ 2. Confidence A. This is a big benefit that comes along with plastic surgery. B. Confidence makes people psychologically fit and happy, and generally improves their style of life. Transition: Now let me turn to the third effects which are†¦ . Wounds & Accidents A. Many people go to a plastic surgeon because they have been in some kind of accident. B. In order to reduce major scarring, plastic surgery is required Transition: Lastly, the positive effects on plastic surgery are†¦ 4. Age-Deflance A. The affects of aging can be prolonged or reversed with plastic surgery. B. Wrinkles can be removed as well as age spots and sagging skin. C. When kept toa minimum, plastic surgery can take years off your apparent age. Transition: Now, let me proceed to the negative effects on plastic surgery. 1.Cost A. When people decide to undergo cosmetic surgery, they often consult a rofessional who gives them an estimate as to the cost. B. This estimate isn't a binding contract, but a guess as to how much the procedure will cost. C. The actual cost can rise dramatically over this estimate, leading patients to suffer pressure to pay the entire amount even if they cannot afford it. D. When the cost is spread out over a payment plan, it can cause more stress. Transition: Now, let's turn to a second negative effects on plastic surgery†¦ 2. Emotional Effects A.The emotional effects on patients' well-being are one of the negative effects of osmetic surgery. B. While they go under the knife to fix a problem they see on the outside, this sometimes only serves as a bandage on the larger problem. C. After the surgery they continue to sutter trom a body image distortion . D. A small number ot patients continue to go back to the surgeon to fix other problems they see instead of trying to find a real solution to the problem. Conclusion Before I end my speech, I would like to review that†¦ Plastic surgery can have either negative or positive effects. We should know how to evaluate it wisely.

Outline and Evaluate the Reasons for the Growing Popularity Essay

Outline and evaluate the reasons for the growing popularity of alternative medicine Alternative medicine is a term that is used to describe medical practices that are different from accepted forms and is used instead of orthodox medicine (Hunt and Lightly, 1999). This term was given to these types of medical practices by the bio-medical model which reflects their power. However, recently it has been become ‘Complementary’ which shows the increasing acceptance of this type of medicine; this now marks a shift from seeing alternatives as in opposition to modern medicine to recognising that they can support orthodox treatment. This type of medicine has a Holistic approach, meaning that it treats the mind as well as the body, unlike the bio-medical model which could be a reason as to why more and more people use certain forms of complementary medicine. Alternative medicine has always been popular in Eastern societies; for example, treatments like Fire Cupping originate from China and over time have becoming increasingly popular in the West. According to a study in 2007, Britons spent ? 91 million on alternative medicine in that year alone and has been suggested that that figure has gone up by 32% in the past five years. Another reason as to why this form of medicine has become largely more popular in Western societies is that GPs and hospitals will often refer people to them if they feel that the bio-medical model can’t help them. Similarly, the NHS will refer to this form of medicine as ‘Complementary’, which shows that they no longer see it as a threat to their form of health care. According to Sharma (1992) the most popular forms on Complementary medicine are Herbalism, Osteopathy and Homeopathy. This could be down to the fact that these ones are the most successful in their treatment, or on the other hand it could be that celebrities have made it into some form of ‘Popular Culture’ in which the masses feel they should also try out. There are a significant amount of reasons as to why there has been a growth in the popularity of alternative/complementary medicine over the last decade. According to Bivins (2007) the popularity of bio-medicine suited a population under permanent threat of infectious diseases. Whereas today, patients’ needs have changed due to the fact that certain chronic conditions have risen which has in turn led to disappointment towards industrial medicine as it is shows that orthodox medicine doesn’t give people other options; it is limited in its treatments. Furthermore, industrial medicine is significantly impersonal compared to complementary medicine which could be another reasons as to why people are choosing alternate forms of health care. On the other hand, Hunt and Lightly (1999) suggest that it could be down to the fact that there are a growing number of people in the population which simply needs/wants to be different and experiment. Illich would put forward his theory of ‘iatrogenesis’ (when medicine does more harm than good), saying that people are concerned about the unpleasant side-effects of drugs and the interventionist nature of medical practice which has been proven by surveys taken out. Another minor issue could be that people now demand for patient input; regarding complementary medicine, the doctor and the patient talk and together come up with solutions; the patient isn’t treated passive and isn’t talked to. According to Bakx (1991) the decline in the cultural dominance of biomedicine and the medical profession has resulted in the re-emergence of the plurality of alternative approached to health. Stanway would refute this view and suggest that people ‘simply want to experiment’. He would also say that this could be down to philosophical/religious reservations about what is being offered. Orthodox medicine have a ‘body dualism’ approach instead of a Holistic approach in which alternative medicine does take; they take into account everything to do with the patients life, whether that be physical or emotional or psychological problems. However, Coward (1989) would refute both models of health saying that they ‘tend to stress that health problems are individual, both in terms of the causes and the cures’. He would say that this ignores the wider social factors that cause ill health, such as poverty, job-related stress and pollution. He would also say that many of the treatments haven’t been tested in the ways that conventional medicine has, so it hasn’t met the ‘Peer Review criteria’ which therefore brings into account the â€Å"Placebo Affect† suggesting that these treatments make people believe that they are feeling better when actually it is all fake. This suggests that the rising popularity of contemporary medicine is ‘fake’ and that the medicine doesn’t actually do anything, but because people think it does they are using it more and more. He would also state that if people on rely on alternative medicine it could be dangerous in the case of serious diseases like Cancer and AIDS where conventional treatments are more effective. Fulder would agree with Coward here and question whether alternative practitioners are prepared to take sole responsibility for their patients when regarding chronic diseases and whether they would refer them to the bio-medical models’ treatment or keep them in their own hands. According to a survey done by Fulder and Monro, it was suggested that the kind of people who use alternative medicine are more likely to be middle class, female and young to middle-aged. Some would argue that this is because alternative medicine can be expensive, and also because women often go to the doctors more than men they are now turning to complementary treatments in hope that (for example) their period pains, morning sickness etc will be sorted by other forms of medicine. To conclude, there are a number of reasons as to why there is a growing popularity of alternative medicine and there isn’t one clear cut answer.

Genetic Testing Controversies

Genetic Testing Controversies 1-12-11 Biology Genetic Testing, also known as DNA-based tests, is a new method of testing for genetic diseases or disorders. In the test the DNA molecule is examined and other tests include microscopic examination of chromosomes, for stained or fluorescent chromosomes. Genetic tests are used for carrier screening, newborn screening, identity testing, prenatal diagnostic testing, and prediction of disorders later in life such as Huntington’s or Alzheimer’s disease etc. Human Genome Project) Controversies today that genetic testing today faces is with the privacy, consents, equity and discrimination. The privacy of the information that is found may not be confidential between the patient and the doctor it may also be revealed to other people that are not involved in the issue. The controversies with consent are that should the insurance companies be allowed to have the information of medical records and family histories before granting permi ssion to anything. (Friesen, Tim.The Genetic Testing Controversy). The costs of some of these genetic tests are very expensive, some costing more than $1000. Another controversy is related with discrimination to the people shown by insurance companies, where they are discriminating on the people by the information which is received to them by genetic tests. Another example is where a woman who had applied to become an adoptive parent was denied due to a family history of Huntington’s disease which also made her susceptible to the disease. Friesen, Tim. The Genetic Testing Controversy) An advantage of Genetic testing is that it gives information about any disease or disorders a person may have and treat that person immediately for a cure. Another advantage is that these tests help to live a risk free life from the beginning, for example- Genetic testing are done on new born babies, which helps to identify any disorders from the beginning so treatment can be given immediately. Benefits of genetic testing) Another advantage of genetic testing is that there are fewer checkups and visits to the doctor if there is a history of a disease in a family. Another advantage is that if a person is genetically tested and the results are positive, they get to make â€Å"informed decisions† in their life. (Benefits of Gene Testing. National Cancer Institute) A disadvantage of genetic testing is that if a person is positive for a disease which cannot be cured completely, is still in a risk. Related essay: â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering†For example breast and ovarian cancers, you cannot get rid of each and every breast or ovary related cells. Even after the surgery, the risk is still there. Another disadvantage is many people after receiving their test results and testing positive for a disease, leads to depression, anxiety or anger for most people, mostly women in these cases. Another disadvantage of genetic testing is many people face discrimination in getting insurance, or employment due to the results of that person’s genetic test. Citation Pictures http://www. beltina. org/pics/genetic_testing. jpg

Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients

Unit 2 Project: Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients Tracy Brown Kaplan University Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients When considering effective ways to cut government spending, each state should start requiring mandatory drug testing among all its welfare recipients. Cutting welfare benefits to known drug abusers will allow benefits to be doled out more effectively and efficiently to those Americans that are truly in need, diminish drug use in those poverty stricken communities that tend to rely on welfare assistance and take a chunk from the government’s out of control spending.I think that this is an effective thesis statement because it clearly outlines my paper and it states what side of this discussion I have chosen to represent. It is stated clear, concise, and to the point. Because mandatory drug testing for welfare recipients is an issue that is not in full effect, it may be difficult to find opinions from â€Å"reliable† sources concerning such legislation. It may also be difficult to determine long term effects of such a program like cuts in spending and reductions in drug abuse. I will be researching government websites both nationally and locally.I would also like to contact local government representatives to perhaps get an opinion about the idea of said legislation. In addition, because this is such a new topic, there are many newspapers to research that will have the latest on states that want to begin developing the idea of mandatory drug testing. It will be difficult to avoid logical fallicies on this topic. Because I am coming down on one side of this discussion and want to persuade my audience, I will want to use comments and information from those that view it as I do.Using statistics that are deemed factual will help in showing that these are not just biased opinions from politicians that are simply looking for another vote. If I were to begin to persuade a city council meeting or write a letter to my local government represe ntatives about the importance of mandatory drug testing for welfare recipients, I would begin by saying: Welfare is not an entitlement! It was never intended to be as such.When President Roosevelt enacted the Social Security Act in 1935, it was during the great depression, when 25% of Americans were unemployed. Since then welfare has generously extended its hand to millions of Americans (2012). When someone is benefitting from these programs, and is not deemed disabled, it should be viewed as a â€Å"hand up† not a â€Å"hand out†. It is an issue all over the country that welfare is being abused by its benefactors. Cards are being used for ATM withdrawals, to purchase liquor, buying cigarettes, and even gambling in casinos.Food stamps are being openly traded for drugs (Camden, 2011). Not to mention the deception that is occurring about how many dependents a recipient is responsible for. To be subjected to a simple urine test to receive money and benefits from the U. S, government is not too much to bear. It is no different than obliging to mandatory drug testing for a job. Florida state governor Rick Scott has stated that in his state alone they will save 9 million dollars a year because of benefits being cut due to mandatory drug testing.With these kinds of cuts in spending nationwide, it is sure to reduce government spending a great deal. Not to mention the effect it will have on drug abusers. Florida state governor Rick Scott has implemented drug counseling on a volunteer basis for those benefactors that test positive (Delaney, 2011). Cuts in spending, responsible distribution of benefits and reductions in drug abuse, this sounds like a win-win scenario for us all. References Author Unknown, (2012), The History of Welfare, Retrieved from: http://www. elfareinfo. org/history/ Delaney, A. , (2011, November 27). Rick Scott Backs Drug Tests for Welfare Beneficiaries, Public Worker, and Himself, Retrieved from: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2011/ 09/27drug-testing-welfare-_n_983235-. html/ Camden, J. , (2011, February 04). The Spokesman-Review, Abuse of Welfare Electronic Benefits Transfer Cards Targeted, Retrieved from: http://www. spokesman. com/stories/2011/feb/04/abuse-of-welfare-electronic-benefits-transfer/

How are gender relationships depicted in Chaucers “Wife of Bath”?

The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale is one of the twenty-four stories which make up The Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer towards the end of the 14th century. The premise for The Tales is that of a group of pilgrims each telling stories in order to win the prize of a free meal, the primary narrator is a naà ¯ve pilgrim who is not described. The Canterbury Tales is written in Middle English, which bears a close visual resemblance to the English written and spoken today. The Tales were unfinished as Chaucer died before their completion and the order of the stories has been disputed due to the fragmented nature of his work. This essay will be looking at gender relationships in The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale and in medieval Literature as a whole. Chaucer’s Wife of Bath is a middle-aged woman from the west country, who strides into The Canterbury Tales on a large horse with her spurs jangling and riding in the fashion of a man rather than the side saddle that was typical of women, ready to assert herself in the company of pilgrims made almost entirely of men. Rich and elaborate in design, the Wife’s clothes reek of extravagance, her stockings â€Å"weren of fyn scarlet reede† and â€Å"on hir feet a paire of spores sharpe† show how wealthy she has become from her conquests of men. In the General Prologue where each of the characters is described in terms of their profession she is clearly a ‘professional wife’ who has travelled more than almost all of the other pilgrims making her a bold, adventurous and sociable character. Men were the ones who travelled to distant lands in search of adventure, this challenges the accepted ideas about gender of the time. This portrait of a woman is very peculiar for a piece of medieval literature, men tend to have the starring role and women are usually featured as beautiful ladies in distress or as villainous old hags. The Wife of Bath is neither a helpless damsel in distress nor a typical old crone. She is the first of her kind in English literature. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue is the life story of Alison who has married five times, this in itself is unusual for a woman in medieval literature as it is usually the rogue male who has multiple lovers. Chaucer certainly informs us of Alison’s backstory to a higher degree than he does the other pilgrims. There are many pieces of literature which condemn women, from the highest class to the lowest, Chaucer does not ignore this with his characterisation of the Wife but rather embraces it to make her who she is. The Wife is noisy and bossy, she torments her husbands and has a large enough sexual appetite to compete with the most sexual of men. But Chaucer has also made her capable of love, vulnerable, optimistic and argumentative against medieval anti-woman ideas. It is not clear whether Chaucer wants us to sympathise with the Wife and see her as the first feminist and defender of women’s rights or if we are to view her as an elaborate joke of what would happen if a women were to ever have as much freedom as a man. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue is different from any literature which had been encountered, as is her Tale. The male lead is not a typical heroic knight but a rapist, the main female role is an ugly old woman and the force of good in the story is a court full of powerful women. All the standard ideas of gender relationships are both turned on their heads and brought into sharp focus. The Wife conforms to a number of anti-female stereotypes of the medieval period, stereotypes which were created by men for the purpose of a patriarchal society. She claims that she has a great sexual appetite whilst also boasting that she uses sex to gain wealth. The Wife also tells of how she controls her husbands through the use of her body, a fear which is common of villainous females in medieval literature and which males dread. The Wife points out that there are many husbands and wives in the Bible. Some of the greatest men in the Old Testament were not only married but had multiple wives. â€Å"Lo, heere the wise kyng, daun Salomon; I trowe he hadde wyves mo than oon. As wolde God it leveful were unto me To be refresshed half so ofte as he!† (35-38) This is a double standard in that these men have multiple lovers but that women apparently can’t. By calling King Solomon â€Å"wise† she is conveying that wise men have multiple marriages. The Wife successfully gives examples from the Bible of people whose marriages were blessed by God despite the polygamous nature of these marriages. The Pardoner who is shocked by the Wife’s revelations so far interrupts her story, he says that he was about to marry but is now not so sure that it is a good idea. â€Å"Now, dame,† quod he, â€Å"by God and by Seint John!†¦ I was aboute to wedde a wyf; allas!†¦ What sholde I bye it on my flessh so deere? Yet hadde I levere wedde no wyf to-yeere!† (164-168) The Wife then tells a short story about a medieval pardoner who worked for the Church collecting donations from those sorry for their sins and anxious to find forgiveness. His manhood is called into question throughout the canterbury tales and his talk of taking a wife is probably an empty boast. This is a continuation of Wife of Bath’s theme of male impotence, she regularly taunts her celibate male adversaries in this way throughout the prologue. It was unheard of for a woman to speak this way about such matters, even a man would think before directly insulting men of the Church. The first three husbands the Wife had were rich old men who were financially secure. The Wife treated each of these husbands badly and in a very dominating way. By being argumentative and eager to start trouble she ensured that they would be careful to please her. â€Å"What sholde I taken keep hem for to plese, But it were for my profit and myn ese?† (213-14) Here the Wife of Bath uses a rhetorical question, it is clear from the tone that she doesn’t think she needs to care about her husbands. The misogynists classed all women together as bad and all wives as nothing but trouble. Chaucer both confirms this stereotype here with the way the Wife treated her first three husbands but also turns it around so that the woman is in control for once and the men are indistinguishable without even a single name between them. Chaucer makes us pity the husbands but it also shows us how unfairly women are usually treated. Chaucer outlines the Wife’s general techniques on how she handles Marital trouble which are lying, cheating and accusing the opposite gender before they accuse you. Lying and cheating were the things that medieval literature always accused the villainous women in a story of doing. The Wife is therefore acting in a very stereotypically manipulative way, and comes very close to becoming the old villainous hag which was a staple of medieval literature. Chaucer makes it clear that the Wife is a complex character and that our response to her as readers should be one of uncertainty. He makes sure we see the good aswell as the bad. The Wife of Bath goes on to describe the lies she would use to keep her first three husbands in line. She’d accuse them of lecherous behaviour and of chasing after the neighbours or servants and then unfairly accusing her about her relationship with her ‘friend’. She uses powerful but offensive imagery towards woman in order to get her point across. â€Å"For as a spanyel she wol on hym lepe,†¦ But folk of wyves maken noon assay, Til they be wedded — olde dotard shrewe! And thanne, seistow, we wol oure vices shewe.† (267-292) The Wife of Bath uses simile’s to compare women first of all to animals, which should be tried by men before they are bought. They are then reduced even further being compared to ordinary objects such as basins, washbowls, spoons and stools. The men did not say these things and this paints the Wife of Bath in a very negative light for her deceit but at the same time other men during her period are guilty of thinking such things. The Wife boasts about how she lied to her husbands about what they said whilst drunk in order to make them feel guilty. This extract is some of the Wife’s most blatant deceit and if all women were to be like this in medieval times it would be surprising if men and women ever managed to live together at all. â€Å"Thou liknest eek wommenes love to helle, To bareyne lond, ther water may nat dwelle. Thou liknest it also to wilde fyr;† (371-372) The Wife doesn’t see the wickedness of her ways as is obvious when she states â€Å"Yet tikled I his herte, for that he Wende that I hadde of hym so greet chiertee!† The choice of verb is an interesting one because it is much lighter than the passage as a whole. The Wife claims that either her or her husband must give in if they are to live in peace, and she says â€Å"And sith a man is moore resonable† he should be the one to give in more easily. She then slyly puts in a comment about how she is his alone, implying that this could easily change at any moment. She is exploiting male and female stereotypes here, using a man’s image of themselves as reasonable and superior against them. She is manipulating by saying that if women are so stupid and emotional, clever men should just let them have their way in order for there to be peace. The Wife of Bath’s youth may have now passed her by but she has no regrets. Her fourth husband however was not a very happy memory for her. She even goes on to tell us about his unfaithfulness â€Å"This is to seyn, he hadde a paramour†. Her dominance and power over her first three husbands now gives way to the more melancholy story of her next husband. Old women in medieval literature quite often show bitterness and loathing when they remember their youth but the Wife has no regrets. Her optimism and her grace in the way that she accepts the passing of her youth shows a softer and more vulnerable side to this manipulative and domineering woman. With the death of her fourth husband The Wife then falls in love with a man named Jankyn who was half her age. Within a month she had married him and as an act of love she signed over all her property to him. However, Jankyn was typical of a medieval gender role. He was a dominant man who won’t be told what to do by a woman. He demands her to stop going on pilgrimages, stop gossiping and to generally stop all the mischievous behaviour from her past. He beats her for tearing pages out of a book and tells her of husbands who left their wives because the wives would not do as they were told. â€Å"And me of olde Romayn geestes teche; How he Symplicius Gallus lefte his wyf, And hire forsook for terme of al his lyf† (642-644) The Wife now has to be on the receiving end of the abuse that she has up until then caused, she is the one being dominated and controlled. She has previously been at a distance from the anti-women literature of the period, even used it to her advantage against her past husbands. Now she must endure the stereotypically male dominated household she has avoided for so long. The reason the Wife of Bath is deaf is because she was struck by Jankyn for tearing out a few pages from his favourite book. It consisted of stories by the best known authors of the middle ages which condemned women. â€Å"For trusteth wel, it is an impossible That any clerk wol speke good of wyves,† (688-689) She hated this book as Jankyn used it to cause her a great deal of grief, she stated that these men don’t understand women yet they are the ones writing these stories. What’s quite interesting is that all the literature she used to control her past husbands was now coming at her in a very real sense. The Wife of Bath asks the question â€Å"Who peyntede the leon, tel me who?† which points out that medieval women existed in a world where everything including art, religion, work, family life and literature was controlled by men. Chaucer pointing this out is well ahead of his time in terms of social gender commentary. The Wife’s ripping of the book could be seen as a symbolic gesture. The Wife used this literature against her past husbands, she had it used against her by her fifth husband. The tearing of the book is symbolic of the Wife moving away from medieval stereotypes. After finally finishing the prologue to her story the Wife of Bath moves onto her Tale. The story opens with the rape of a young maiden, the rape is described very casually as though it is somehow entirely natural that a woman is violently attacked this way. â€Å"He saugh a mayde walkynge hym biforn, Of which mayde anon, maugree hir heed, By verray force, he rafte hire maydenhed;† (886-888) The word ‘raft’ means he took her ‘maydenhead’ which is not a very violent verb but it still has powerful imagery because of how casual a word it is. This can be seen as an extreme example of the way in which women are regarded as mere property. The knight’s offence was against a woman so it is therefore ironic that women should step in to save his life. They don’t do this out of compassion or mercy though, he is to be placed in a powerless position in which the fate of his body is in the hands of another, similar to when a woman is raped. After a year of searching for the answer to the question of what women want the knight rides back to the court in despair, this is when he encounters an extremely ugly old woman who agrees to give him the answer to his question if he agrees to do something for her. After answering with â€Å"†Wommen desiren to have sovereynetee† the old hag asks the knight to marry her. Because our knight did not know what the condition would be he is placed in a far more vulnerable position. He is completely under the old woman’s dominance, a reversal of the normal male female relationship. The â€Å"lusty bacheler† from the start of the story now â€Å"hidde hym as an owle†, no longer dominant and in control or a stereotype of medieval man. The old woman then gives the knight an ultimatum, she can either be beautiful and unfaithful or faithful and ugly. The knight considers for a moment but decides in the end to let her make the decision which results in her being both beautiful and faithful. With the mastery handed over to the old lady, there is a switching of gender roles with the knight also getting what he wants. The knight is no longer the misogynist monster he was at the start of The Wife of Bath’s Tale. It could be argued that the Wife of Bath is giving a voice to the excluded women of medieval society. Through her voice we hear and see all the devaluation and oppression which is always silent in medieval literature due to the authors being almost entirely male. The Wife could also be interpreted as a representation of stereotypical medieval fear by men about women as cruel, emotional and sexually deviant. It is not clear in what way Chaucer meant for her to be conveyed, it is clear however that he wanted her to become a complicated character with many different layers whose gender was a driving force for the story.